Author Index

A

  • Abaza, Hagar The Role of Reviving the Route of the Holy Family in promoting Religious Tourism :An Applied to The Canal Region [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 32-54]
  • Abdelhady, Mohamed The Economic Ramifications of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Aviation Industry [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 340-364]
  • Abd El-Hakim, Helen Tourism Leadership by Emotional Intelligence as an Instrument for Arab Tourism Integration [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 56-77]
  • Abdelhamed, Mona Samir The Scenes of Deities in The Tomb of King “Ay” at The Valley of the Kings (WKV.23) [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 189-218]
  • Abdelrahman, Reham The Impact of Logistics Services on Customer Loyalty: Applied to some Egyptian Tourism Companies Category (A) [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 212-229]
  • Abdelrahman, Reham The effect of Visual Identity on the Positive E-WOM as a tool of tourism promotion (Applied on Sharm El-Sheikh) [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 316-333]
  • Abdelrahman Ali, sarah عبدالرحمن How does Transformational Leadership Affect Employee Wellbeing? Investigating The Sequential Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment and Job Crafting [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 316-339]
  • Abdelrahman Ali, Sarah The Moderator Role of Organizational Agility in the Relationship Between Talent Management and Organizational Ambidexterity in Egyptian Tourism Companies [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 272-291]
  • Abdelrazek Mohamed, Tamer Key Drivers of Success of Frontline Women Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Travel Agencies in Suez Canal and Sinai Region [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 355-376]
  • Abd El- Tawab, Shimaa Abd El-Kawy Key Drivers of Success of Frontline Women Entrepreneurs: Evidence from Travel Agencies in Suez Canal and Sinai Region [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 355-376]
  • Abdel wahed, Abeer Investigating the role of Green Human Resources Management in Improving Sustainable Performance in Tourism and Hospitality Institutions in Egypt (A Case Study of Class A Tourism Companies and 5-Star Hotels in Cairo Governorate) [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 334-376]
  • Abdou, Maha Yehia Kamel The Impact of Implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) on Customer Satisfaction: Evidence from Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 365-380]
  • Abdulaziz, Tamer Towards Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Tourism and Hospitality Industry and its impact on Originating and Demanding Local Products and Services [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 174-193]
  • AbouElezz, Moamen Kamel Adaptive Resilience of Hospitality Enterprises: Key Practices Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 92-109]
  • Abou-Hamad, Mostafa The Economic Ramifications of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Aviation Industry [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 340-364]
  • Abou Kamar, Mahmoud The Impact of COVID-19 Disruptions on Hotel Supply Chain Resilience and Robustness: The Role of Risk Alleviation Practices [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 132-152]
  • Abouzied Salama, Asmaa Abouzied The Royal Court "1922-1952" Historical Study [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 194-220]
  • Abouzied Salama, Asmaa Abouzied The Italian Architect of The Khedival Palaces, Antonio Lashack "1262-1322 AH / 1856-1946 AD" [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 221-242]
  • Abouzied Salama, Asmaa An Artistic-Archaeological Study for the Tombstones of Sultan Hussein Kamel Daughters in the Cemetery of Al-Imām Al-Šāfiʽī in Cairo " First Publishing " [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 111-125]
  • Ahmed, Mohamed The Impact of Implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) on Customer Satisfaction: Evidence from Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 365-380]
  • Ahmed Mohamed, Yasmin The Vizier as Intermediary in the Popular Religion During the New Kingdom [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 399-415]
  • Ahmed Mohamed, Yasmin Types of Intermediaries in Popular Religion [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 380-401]
  • Ahmed Mohamed Saleh, Mahmoud The Effect of Tourism and Hotel Activity on the Employees’ Identity [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 153-179]
  • Alaswadi, Wail Can Sensory Marketing Factors Improve the Customers' Pleasure and Arousal in Egyptian Resort Hotels? [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 111-131]
  • Ali, Azza Challenges of Implementing Sustainable Practices in Purchasing Process Management: A Case Study on One of The Five-Star Hotel Chain in Cairo [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 200-220]
  • Ali, Azza Personal Hygiene Behaviors in Egyptian TV Cooking Shows: An Exploratory Study [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 74-88]
  • Ali, EL-Hussein Personal Hygiene Behaviors in Egyptian TV Cooking Shows: An Exploratory Study [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 74-88]
  • Ali, Hanan Exploring Permission Based Tourism Marketing Drivers and Challenges from The Customer Perspectives [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 75-91]
  • Alian, Yasmeen An Artistic-Archaeological Study for the Tombstones of Sultan Hussein Kamel Daughters in the Cemetery of Al-Imām Al-Šāfiʽī in Cairo " First Publishing " [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 111-125]
  • Ali Gaafar, Hebatallah Neuromarketing as a Novel Method to Tourism Destination Marketing: Evidence from Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 48-74]
  • Al-Romeedy, Bassam Neuromarketing as a Novel Method to Tourism Destination Marketing: Evidence from Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 48-74]
  • Ameen, Fatma The Economic Ramifications of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Aviation Industry [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 340-364]
  • Ammar, Salama The Effect of Tourism and Hotel Activity on the Employees’ Identity [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 153-179]
  • Ammar, Salama Towards Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Tourism and Hospitality Industry and its impact on Originating and Demanding Local Products and Services [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 174-193]
  • Atia, Reem The Impact of Employee Selection Criteria in Tourism Companies on The Efficiency of Electronic Marketing [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 251-270]
  • Awad, Nancy Awadallah Influence of Electronic Word of Mouth on Customer Reservations Decision Making in Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 110-131]

B

  • Badr El-Deen, Raghda Exploring Permission Based Tourism Marketing Drivers and Challenges from The Customer Perspectives [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 75-91]
  • Bayoumy, tarneem Oracular Gods in Ancient Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 1-19]
  • Bazazo, Ibrahim Analyzing the Trends of the Inter-Arab Tourism Movement [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 85-110]
  • Bazazo, Ibrahim Analysis of indicators of global tourism competitiveness and their impact on the development of inter-Arab tourism (a field study) [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 191-211]

D

  • Dewedar, Miral Ahmed The Role of Reviving the Route of the Holy Family in promoting Religious Tourism :An Applied to The Canal Region [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 32-54]

E

  • Eid, Nevien Galal The Impact of Employee Selection Criteria in Tourism Companies on The Efficiency of Electronic Marketing [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 251-270]
  • El Agoz, Reham Mohamed Ahmed Diversity of the Tourist Patterns as a Tool to Support the Domestic Tourism to Canal Cities: An Applicable Study on Ismailia Governorate [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 230-250]
  • El Elimi, faten Watermelon in Ancient Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 45-55]
  • El Gabry, Dina The Vizier as Intermediary in the Popular Religion During the New Kingdom [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 399-415]
  • El Gabry, Dina Types of Intermediaries in Popular Religion [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 380-401]
  • Elhadad, Nada Sadek Scenes of The Goddess Tefnut in The Temple of Dekka in The Lower Nubia [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 219-235]
  • Elhattab, Nermen Elsayed Discovering the potential impact of in-flight smart amenities on traveler experience: Focal roles of in-flight service quality and airline endorsement [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 334-354]
  • Elmahdy, Aya Representations of the God Arensnuphis at the Temple of Kalabsha [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 150-166]
  • Elmogy, Sara The Role of Green Human Resource Management Practices in Promoting Green Innovation among Employees of Tourism Companies [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 285-312]
  • Elnagar, Aliaa Mokhtar The Impact of Implementing the Internet of Things (IoT) on Customer Satisfaction: Evidence from Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 365-380]
  • Elsayed Abdelrassoul, Suzan The Impact of the Application of Precautionary Measures for the Corona Virus on the Demand of Customers to Heritage Cafes [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 313-342]
  • Elsehely, Haidy Motivations And Attitudes of Egyptian Divers in Underwater Cultural Heritage Sites [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 334-347]
  • Elsrougy, Amna Watermelon in Ancient Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 45-55]
  • Elweshahy, Mofida Hassan The Scenes of Deities in The Tomb of King “Ay” at The Valley of the Kings (WKV.23) [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 189-218]
  • El Weshahy, Mofida Watermelon in Ancient Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 45-55]
  • ElZogbi, Mohamed The impact of Domestic Tourism on the infrastructure of hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 341-353]
  • ElZogbi, Mohamed The Impact of Domestic Tourism on the Quality of Services provided in hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 354-365]
  • El-Zoghby, Mohamed Sayed Ahmed Role of Innovation Orientation in Building a Competitive Advantage in the Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 219-230]
  • Emam, Ahmed Mohamed Emam Mohamed Emam Role of Innovation Orientation in Building a Competitive Advantage in the Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 219-230]
  • Emam, Hany Essam El-Din Mohamned The impact of Online Food Delivery Applications (FDAs) on Customer Satisfaction and Repurchasing Intentions: Mediating Role of Positive E-WOM [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 89-110]
  • Emam, Mahmoud The Moderator Role of Organizational Agility in the Relationship Between Talent Management and Organizational Ambidexterity in Egyptian Tourism Companies [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 272-291]
  • Ezz Ali, Mona Scenes of Ramesses II's Celebration of the Sed Festival on the temples walls [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 381-398]

F

  • Fahmy, amal Tourism development in Ihnasiya / Beni Suef [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 329-340]
  • Fathy, Hebatullah Mohamed The Influence of Competitive Between Emirs and Sultans on the Architecture of al-Aẓhar Mosque in Mamluk Era [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 55-84]
  • Fathy, Hebatullah Mohammad The Competitive Between Ayyubid and Mamluk Sultans in Baḥarī Mamluk Period: An Applied Study on Madrasa(s) and Dome of al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyub, Madrasa of al-Ẓāhir Baybars al-Bunduqdāry and Complex of al-Manṣūr Qalawwn at Street of al-Muʻiz lidīn Allāh al-Fāṭmy [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-31]
  • Fayyad, Sameh How Can Workplace Friendship Affect Employees' Resistance to Change in Egyptian Hotels?: Gender diversity as a moderator? [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 221-232]
  • Fouad, Randa Alaa El-Din An Unpublished Silver Toe Ring with A Fly (JE 70385) [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 31-47]

G

  • Galal, Nevien تقييم رضاء العميل في ضوء توقعاته لخدمة حجز تذاکر الطيران الالکترونية [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 126-144]

H

  • Hafez, Noha The Relation between the Name of Goddess srt and the term Hp [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 20-30]
  • Hafez, Noha The Deity Ra-Hr-Axty at Memphis [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 31-53]
  • Hafez, Noha The Scenes of Deities in The Tomb of King “Ay” at The Valley of the Kings (WKV.23) [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 189-218]
  • Hafez, Sherin Mohamed Scenes of The Goddess Tefnut in The Temple of Dekka in The Lower Nubia [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 219-235]
  • Hamed, Bassem Investigating the role of Green Human Resources Management in Improving Sustainable Performance in Tourism and Hospitality Institutions in Egypt (A Case Study of Class A Tourism Companies and 5-Star Hotels in Cairo Governorate) [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 334-376]
  • Hammad, Manal Borhan Types of Intermediaries in Popular Religion [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 380-401]
  • Hassan, Mohammed Challenges of Implementing Sustainable Practices in Purchasing Process Management: A Case Study on One of The Five-Star Hotel Chain in Cairo [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 200-220]
  • Hassan, mona mohamed Role of perceived value and perceived performance for the airline ticket reservation service provided to customer [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 145-166]
  • Hegazy, Mayar Mohamed Job Security and Its Impact on Organizational Citizenship Behavior Of Employees in Travel Agencies Category "A" [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 167-190]
  • Hewedi, Mahmoud Challenges of Implementing Sustainable Practices in Purchasing Process Management: A Case Study on One of The Five-Star Hotel Chain in Cairo [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 200-220]
  • Hossny, Maher Factors Affecting Customers Purchase Decision in Fast Food Restaurants: The Mediating Role of Dissatisfaction and Negative Word of Mouth [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 180-199]
  • Hussien, Faten The Effect of Recreational Experiences and Emotional Gratification on Guest Loyalty in Resorts [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 54-73]

I

  • Ibrahim, Moataz bellah How Can Workplace Friendship Affect Employees' Resistance to Change in Egyptian Hotels?: Gender diversity as a moderator? [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 221-232]

K

  • Khalil, Rasha Ahmed The effect of Visual Identity on the Positive E-WOM as a tool of tourism promotion (Applied on Sharm El-Sheikh) [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 316-333]
  • Khanfar, Salim Mohammad -Marketing and Advertising funded by social networking and impact on The tourist sector in Jordan [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 271-292]
  • Kozmal, Hany The Effect of Tourism and Hotel Activity on the Employees’ Identity [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 153-179]
  • Kozmal, Hany The Impact of the Application of Precautionary Measures for the Corona Virus on the Demand of Customers to Heritage Cafes [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 313-342]

M

  • Marzouki, Saber Yahia Studying the Factors Affecting the Promotion of Museum Visits Applied to Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 343-379]
  • Marzouki, Saber Yahia The Importance of Social Media in Raising the Tourism Awareness of Secondary School Students [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 292-315]
  • Mohamed, Mohamed Refaat رفعت The Titles of the Seal Bearer of the Ships in Ancient Egypt until the end of Middle Kingdom [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 78-119]
  • Mohamed, Mohamed Refaat رفعت The Titles of Trustworthy Seal Bearer in Ancient Egypt until the End of the Middle Kingdom [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 120-149]
  • Mohammad, Abdel Rahman Abdel Fatah The Impact of Strategic Alliances on Achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Study on Some Hotels in Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 18-44]
  • Mohammad, Abdel Rahman Abdel Fatah The Effect of Strategic Alliances on Customer Satisfaction: An Applied Study on Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-17]
  • Mohammad, Abuelkassem A.A. Adaptive Resilience of Hospitality Enterprises: Key Practices Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 92-109]

N

  • Nasr, nermin تقييم رضاء العميل في ضوء توقعاته لخدمة حجز تذاکر الطيران الالکترونية [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 126-144]

O

  • Omar, Nafissa Mohamed Role of Innovation Orientation in Building a Competitive Advantage in the Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 219-230]

Q

  • Qaddhat, Ranea Mohammed Analyzing the Trends of the Inter-Arab Tourism Movement [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 85-110]
  • Qaddhat, Ranea Mohammed Analysis of indicators of global tourism competitiveness and their impact on the development of inter-Arab tourism (a field study) [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 191-211]

R

  • Rashwan, kareem The Effect of Recreational Experiences and Emotional Gratification on Guest Loyalty in Resorts [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 54-73]

S

  • Sadek, Hany The Impact of Talent Management Practices on Employees Engagement in Sharm El-Sheikh Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 132-153]
  • Sadek, Hany The Impact of Diversify Management on Achieving Competitive Advantage in Cairo Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 154-173]
  • Salama, Mahmoud Ahmed The Impact of Strategic Alliances on Achieving Sustainable Competitive Advantage: A Study on Some Hotels in Egypt [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 18-44]
  • Salama, Mahmoud Ahmed The Effect of Strategic Alliances on Customer Satisfaction: An Applied Study on Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-17]
  • Salem, Ahmad Magdy The Influence of Competitive Between Emirs and Sultans on the Architecture of al-Aẓhar Mosque in Mamluk Era [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 55-84]
  • Salem, Ahmad Magdy The Competitive Between Ayyubid and Mamluk Sultans in Baḥarī Mamluk Period: An Applied Study on Madrasa(s) and Dome of al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyub, Madrasa of al-Ẓāhir Baybars al-Bunduqdāry and Complex of al-Manṣūr Qalawwn at Street of al-Muʻiz lidīn Allāh al-Fāṭmy [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-31]
  • Seddik, Raghda An Unpublished Silver Toe Ring with A Fly (JE 70385) [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 31-47]
  • Shehata, Ali The Relationship Between Smart Menu and Restaurants’ Intent to Visit: The Mediating Role of Customer’s Satisfaction and The Moderating Role of Customer’s Delight (Apply to Technology Acceptance Model) [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 243-271]
  • Shehata, Ali Can Sensory Marketing Factors Improve the Customers' Pleasure and Arousal in Egyptian Resort Hotels? [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 111-131]
  • Soliman, Sameh Gamal Saad Influence of Electronic Word of Mouth on Customer Reservations Decision Making in Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 110-131]
  • Soliman, Sherif Influence of Electronic Word of Mouth on Customer Reservations Decision Making in Egyptian Hotels [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 110-131]
  • Soliman, Youstina Investigating the role of Green Human Resources Management in Improving Sustainable Performance in Tourism and Hospitality Institutions in Egypt (A Case Study of Class A Tourism Companies and 5-Star Hotels in Cairo Governorate) [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 334-376]

T

  • Touni, Reham Towards Financing Small and Medium Enterprises in Tourism and Hospitality Industry and its impact on Originating and Demanding Local Products and Services [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 174-193]

U

  • Uthman, Mohammad Abdelsattar The Influence of Competitive Between Emirs and Sultans on the Architecture of al-Aẓhar Mosque in Mamluk Era [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 55-84]
  • Uthman, Mohammad Abdelsattar The Competitive Between Ayyubid and Mamluk Sultans in Baḥarī Mamluk Period: An Applied Study on Madrasa(s) and Dome of al-Ṣāliḥ Najm al-Dīn Ayyub, Madrasa of al-Ẓāhir Baybars al-Bunduqdāry and Complex of al-Manṣūr Qalawwn at Street of al-Muʻiz lidīn Allāh al-Fāṭmy [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 1-31]

W

  • Wafy, Omnia Challenges of Implementing Sustainable Practices in Purchasing Process Management: A Case Study on One of The Five-Star Hotel Chain in Cairo [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 200-220]
  • Wageh Mahmoud, Samy The impact of Online Food Delivery Applications (FDAs) on Customer Satisfaction and Repurchasing Intentions: Mediating Role of Positive E-WOM [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 89-110]
  • Wahba, Marwa Exploring Permission Based Tourism Marketing Drivers and Challenges from The Customer Perspectives [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 75-91]
  • Wahba, Sara The Impact of Sustainable Marketing on the Diversification of the Tourism Product for Archaeological Sites in Egypt, By Application to Luxor Governorate [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 256-284]
  • Wahba, Sara The Importance of Cultural Events on Improving the Image of Egypt as a Tourist Destination “The Procession of Transferring the Royal Mummies to the Museum of Civilization” [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 233-255]

Y

  • Younes Merzeban, Rania Eloquence of Speech as Expressed on Private Monuments [Volume 22, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 1-30]
  • Youssif, samia The impact of Domestic Tourism on the infrastructure of hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 341-353]
  • Youssif, samia The Impact of Domestic Tourism on the Quality of Services provided in hotels [Volume 22, Issue 3, 2022, Pages 354-365]

Z

  • Zaki, Heba Salah How does Transformational Leadership Affect Employee Wellbeing? Investigating The Sequential Mediating Effect of Psychological Empowerment and Job Crafting [Volume 22, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 316-339]